Lupinus polyphyllus contains quinolizidine alkaloids (notably lupanine and related compounds). Human intoxications are documented and include gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms, hypotension, and weakness requiring medical consultation. However, no consistent evidence of lethal outcomes or mass hospitalizations in Europe within the last decade has been documented. According to the TAI-ECOSAFE toxicity grid, these characteristics correspond to T = 3 (clinically relevant toxicity requiring medical attention, without confirmed lethality).
The species is well documented as toxic to livestock, particularly cattle, sheep, and horses. Ingestion may cause alkaloid poisoning, neurological impairment, reproductive disorders, and abortions. Severe cases with fatal outcomes in sensitive animals are reported in veterinary literature. As lethality is species-specific and not universal across all animal taxa, the appropriate classification under EFSA-aligned criteria is A = 4.
Automated Flag: VET is mandatory (A ≥ 4).
Lupinus polyphyllus exhibits aggressive invasive behaviour in grasslands, meadows, road verges, and disturbed habitats. Through nitrogen fixation, it significantly alters soil chemistry, leading to displacement of oligotrophic native plant communities and reduction of floristic diversity. Dense monospecific stands are frequently observed. Although not listed under EU Regulation 1143/2014, the magnitude and persistence of ecological transformation justify I = 4 under the TAI-ECOSAFE invasive impact grid.
Automated Flag: ECO is mandatory (I ≥ 3).
FXT: Rapid onset of toxic symptoms following ingestion (hours).
CHD: Attractive flowers and seed pods increase accidental exposure risk for children.