T=5: Nerium oleander contains potent cardiac glycosides, particularly oleandrin, producing potentially fatal cardiotoxicity through Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase inhibition and severe cardiac dysrhythmias. A recent European fatality is directly documented: Carfora et al. reported a 71-year-old man in Italy who died following intentional ingestion of a self-prepared N. oleander leaf infusion. LC–MS/MS confirmed oleandrin at toxic concentrations in multiple biological matrices, including 37.5 ng/mL in peripheral blood. The case was published in 2020/2021 and therefore satisfies the TAI-ECOSAFE criterion for a documented European death within the last 10 years. deceased_documented=1. Sources: Carfora et al. 2021; Sacco et al. 2025; Bandara et al. 2010.
A=5: Lethal all mammals <50g: horses (10-20g), dogs (1-5g), cats (1-3g). Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase inhibition → cardiac arrest <24h. Sources: Burrows 2013, ASPCA 2023.
I=1: Ornamental, no naturalization Luxembourg. Frost-sensitive (<-10°C). No seed dispersal temperate climates. Sources: GBIF, EASIN.
FXT: Cardiac symptoms 30 min-2h. CHD: Attractive flowers, pediatric ingestions 30-40% cases. CLN: Criterion A (80-120 cases/year EU), Criterion C (>20 hospitalizations >48h/year). Sources: EU poison centers 2016-2023.
Exposure: Urban rare (frost-sensitive, limited distribution), contact high (pruning + child attraction). EF=1.6 → Risk=19.0 → P4 ROUTINE.